Subject Complement Definition and Examples

A subject complement is a word or phrase (usually an adjective phrase, noun phrase, or pronoun) that follows a linking verb and describes or renames the subject of the sentence. Also called a subjective complement. In traditional grammar, a subject complement is usually identified as either a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective. Examples and Observations The light in the chapel was warm and soft.Mrs. Rigney was my fourth-grade teacher.My fourth-grade teacher was exceptionally kind.Ruth and Thelma are my best friends, and their roomies are Tammy Hinsen and Rebecca Bogner. (Dean Koontz, Lightning. G.P. Putnams Sons, 1988)I knelt down and pulled on the edge of the stone with him, and it started to move with the sucking sound of thick mud. It smelled awful, and we looked at each other with sour faces. (Patrick Carman, The Land of Elyon: Into the Mist. Scholastic Press, 2007)The Johnson children and Harbor Branch received $169 million. But if they were the true winners, no one was the loser. (Barbara Goldsmith, Johnson V. Johnson. Knopf, 1987)The very air was alive with the uncanny cries of phantoms that flew through the secret places of this region. These mountains were unfriendly at the best of times. (David Bilsborough, The Wanderers Tale. Tor, 2007) Linking Verbs and Subject Complements If a verb requires a subject complement (SC) to complete the sentence, the verb is a linking verb. The subject complement ([italicized] in the examples that follow) typically identifies or characterizes the person or thing denoted by the subject: (1) Sandra is my mothers name.(2) Your room must be the one next to mine.(3) The upstairs tenant seemed a reliable person.(4) A university is a community of scholars.(5) The receptionist seemed very tired.(6) You should be more careful.(7) The distinction became ​quite clear.(8) The corridor is too narrow. The most common linking verb is  be. Other common linking verbs (with examples of subject complements in parentheses) include appear (the best plan), become (my neighbor), seem (obvious), feel (foolish), get (ready), look (cheerful), sound (strange). Subject complements are typically noun phrases, as in (1)-(4) above, or adjective phrases, as in (5)-(8) above. (Gerald C. Nelson and Sidney Greenbaum, An Introduction to English Grammar, 3rd ed. Routledge, 2009) The Difference Between a Subject Complement and an Object The Subject Complement is the obligatory constituent which follows a copular verb and which cannot be made the subject in a passive clause: Whos there? Its me / Its I.*She became a tennis champion at a very early age.Feel free to ask questions! The Subject Complement does not represent a new participant, as an Object does, but completes the predicate by adding information about the subject referent. For this reason, the Subject Complement differs from the Object in that it can be realized not only by a nominal group but also by an adjectival group (Adj.G), as illustrated in the previous examples. The objective case (me) is now in general use (Its me) except in the most formal registers, in which the subjective form (Its I) or (I am he/she) are heard, especially in AmE. As well as be and seem, a wide range of verbs can be used to link the subject to its Complement; these add meanings of transition (become, get, go, grow, turn) and of perception (sound, smell, look) among others... (Angela Downing and Philip Locke, English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2006) Agreement with Subject Complements (16c) These are the costs the grey parties never talk about when they allow the system to go on. (w2b-013:097) . . .(16h) I call them wild flowers. . . .(s1a-036:205) In those cases in which the complements are noun phrases, the subject complement shows concord with the subject S, and the object complement is in concord with the direct object, as can be best seen in the examples (16c) and (16h). (Rolf Kreyer, Introduction to English Syntax. Peter Lang, 2010) Semantic Relations The italicized portions of the following examples are Subject Complements. The upper case labels to the right indicate the semantic relation between the Subject Complement and the Subject: (4a) The venue for the meeting is the Roxburghe Hotel. EQUATION(4b) The estate car is a Volvo. PROPER INCLUSION(4c) Youre so young. ATTRIBUTION(4d) Would you still love me if I were old and saggy? ATTRIBUTION(4e) that telly was mine POSSESSION(4f) Sometimes were on a collision course, LOCATION(4g) the NHS was for all of us BENEFACTEE(4h) The five pound note was for services rendered. IN EXCHANGE The Inflection (marking for tense, aspect, mode, and agreement) in this type of construction is carried by be; therefore be is the syntactic Head of the Predicate. However, the Subject Complement is the element that expresses the main semantic content of the Predicate. In other words, the Complement is the semantic Head of the Predicate. Source Thomas E. Payne, Understanding English Grammar: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2011

Right to Live In the Article In Defense of Abortion and...

1. Explain the basic thesis of the article assigned to you. (Each has one main thesis supported by arguments, examples, and analogies). Do you think the argument is sound or unsound? Explain why you find it sound or, if unsound, what false premises and or fallacies you find. Do you think the examples/analogies strengthen the authors argument? What do you think of the After-Birth Abortion argument? (See the short article with the link on the Content page.) In the article In Defense of Abortion and Infanticide, author Michael Tooley’s main argument/thesis is that fetuses or unborn babies do not possess the right to life under the basis that it does not â€Å"possess the concept of continuing self or mental substance† (Vaughn 316). By this conclusion he states that the possibility of the fetus reaching the requisite concept in the future does not qualify as an excuse to deny abortion. He emphasizes that this supports that abortion and early infanticide are morally j ustifiable and acceptable. Overall I agree with the argument that Michael Tooley uses to support abortion and early infanticide, however I find that his method of convincing is rather weak. While I find that the interest principle is an important part of deciding the ethics behind abortion, I do not believe that it should be the main and most-emphasized argument. For example he explains that a zygote cannot have any interests or desires, and therefore it in itself cannot be the subject of interests. I find thatShow MoreRelatedA Critical Examination of Judith Thomsons Argument for Abortion2736 Words   |  11 PagesJudith Thomson’s argument through her article, â€Å"A Defence of Abortion† is one that adopts the premise that the fetus is a human being from the moment of conception. By doing this, Thomson is distancing her argument from the various theorists who maintain the moral view that it is wrong to kill another human being, such as (Marquis, 1989). This ultimatel y allows her to assume various hypothetical situations in which the cognitive status of the fetus is otherwise not considered. This is important.

Love In Wuthering Heights Essay - 1261 Words

The story of Emily Brontà «s Wuthering Heights has been one of the most influential and powerful piece of literature ever written. After being published, it garnered a lot of interest because of the theme that was deemed misleading and critically unfit for society. The main theme of the book revolves around the evolution of love, passion and cruelty. During the first half of the book, Catherine showed different types of love for two different people. Her love for Heathcliff was her everything, it was her identity to love and live for Heathcliff but as soon as she found out how society views Heathcliff, she sacrificed their love and married Edgar Linton in the hopes of saving Heathcliff from Hindley and protecting him from the eyes of†¦show more content†¦Catherine proved that changing love cannot compare to the love she and Heathcliff has for each other for they have a love that cannot be broken, as long as forever is they are bound to each other. Though Catherine and Heathcliffs love brings joy to each other it has also caused them great pains and the people around them. Their love destroyed innocence and purity. Catherine was going to marry Edgar because of his wealth and status. By marrying Edgar, it would give her a name she can be proud of and the people would envy her (Seichepine, 2004). This marked the lost of innocence for Catherine because she now knows the rules of society. Heathcliff once thought that if he could only leave Catherine then he would be free from the fate that binds them but he cannot escape because for him there is no escape and apart from Catherine there is nobody else that mattered. When Heathcliff returned 3 years later, he used Isabella Linton as a means of revenge on both Catherine and Edgar. Heathcliff was not scared nor did he even shared a drop of pity on Isabella. He was going to use her innocence to hurt the people she loved and even the woman he loved. Isabella, on the other hand really loved Heathcliff and prayed that somehow he begins to see someone else other than Catherine. She knew that she never reflected in Heathcliffs eyes but she chose to stay with him because of her love. Isabella has the type of love that will never be returned. She accepted the factShow MoreRelatedWuthering Heights Love And Betrayal1425 Words   |  6 PagesLove and Betrayal Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights is considered to be one of the greatest novels written in the English language. Due to Heathcliff and Catherines love relationship, Wuthering Heights is considered a romantic novel. Their powerful presence permeates throughout the novel, as well as their complex personalities. Their climatic feelings towards each other and often selfish behavior often exaggerates or possibly encapsulates certain universal psychological truths about humans. The roleRead MoreTheme Of Love In Wuthering Heights922 Words   |  4 PagesLove can take many forms. 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As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said, Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative  terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personalRead MoreTheme Of Love In Wuthering Heights786 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights draws a close line between love and hate as a major theme in the novel. The different sides of love are demonstrated by Bronte through situations that draw upon the nature of being human. The author displays the selfish, destructive and the betrayal side of love between the main character as well as minor characters in the novel and how they are imprisoned by the same recurring cycle. The relationship shared by Heathcliff and Catherine is the most important as itRead More The Power of Love in Wuthering Heights Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesWuthering Heights is a novel which deviates from the standard of Victorian literature. The novels of the Victorian Era were often works of social criticism. They generally had a moral purpose and promoted ideals of love and brotherhood. Wuthering Heights is more of a Victorian Gothic novel; it contains passion, violence, and supernatural elements (Mitchell 119). The world of Wuthering Heights seems to be a world without morals. In Wuthering Heights, Brontà « does not idealize love; she presents itRead MoreEssay on Revenge and Love in Wuthering Heights1521 Words   |  7 Pagescan move a man to action, but in Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights, love and revenge are the only two passions powerful enough to compel the primary actors. There is consensus, in the academic community,1 that the primary antagonist in the nov el, Heathcliff is largely motivated by a wanton lust for vengeance, and it is obvious from even a cursory reading that Edgar Linton, one of the protagonists, is mostly compelled by a his seemingly endless love for his wife, and it even seems as if this is reflectedRead MoreWuthering Heights Meaning Of Love Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesWuthering Heights by Emily Brontà « is considered a great Victorian love story between various characters, but most famously, between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff. As the novel is a tale of romance, the word love and other related words is used a great deal throughout. It is used to describe the emotions and sentiments of the various characters in relation to other characters. 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Risk Analysis of House Building Project - Click to Solution

Question: Discuss about the Risk Analysis of House Building Project? Answer: Introduction: This study concentrates on identifying and analyzing the risk that may occur in a house construction project. In addition, it includes the classification of the stakeholders and identification of team members. Brainstorm risk identification technique makes most impact at the unstructured level of the project. Cause Effect Diagram assists to direct the project in the right way at each step of development (Gymrek, 2013). Team Members and Stakeholders: To have a vision of the critical nature of the construction team helps to manage effectively a building project. Various builders, vendors, and consultant works together to complete a construction project. In a house construction project, the team member varies from one construction to another. Choosing the right depends on the following factors. Plot Attributes State of the Ground, Topography, etc. Construction Avenue. Design. House Building Process. Typically the team members in a regular house building project team are architect, surveyors, project manager, the primary contractor, decorators. The small category workers are stone masons, bricklayers, roofers, joiners, etc (Gymrek, 2013). Identifying stakeholders and their requirements are critical for any construction project. Different stakeholders obtain different objectives. Champions and user panel are the members of the client organization. Champions have the work of supervising the design quality throughout the project. User group consists of customers, visitors, community groups, etc. Neighbors, funders, local authority, are also stakeholders (Kunreuther et al. 2013). Risk Identification technique: To initiate and monitor a risk management program it is crucial to identify risks. The identification of risk includes many methods. This study mentioned three of them. Brainstorming: In the unstructured state of the project, this approach is most useful. The method reflects the process of capturing risks that assist in building the project based on others' design. To utilize this technique a team of particular members who have knowledge of the discussed ideas, related documentation and it also need a facilitator who knows how to lead the group as per risk process. A note taker gathers and stores the ideas discuss in each meeting (Van et al.2014). In the planning process brainstorming create a list observed strategies, the cause of the risks and areas of impact. Working Groups: This technique concentrates on assigning a group to a particular area to identify risks. It consists of a different group of peoples working on a specific topic within the project management for gathering information about possible risk. Engineering Templates: This technique uses sets of flow charts that are related to various development processes (Kunreuther et al. 2013). Brainstorm technique serves as the last option when no other options are left. This way the project management will always go the furthest way to identify any possible risk. Selection of Risk Diagram Technique: Cause and effect diagrams, System or process flow charts, Influence, SWOT analysis, Expert judgment are the different types of diagramming techniques. For identifying the risk the cause and effect diagram is selected. This chart is also known as Fishbone diagram and Ishikawa diagram. The CE Diagram gives solution for the needs of investigating risks for an impact. The implementation process of CE Diagram starts from the team meetings as it assists in directing team members' concentration toward a particular issue (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). In addition, it makes a picture of the issue without having concerns of a comparatively complex flow chart. Figure 1: Case and Effect Diagram of House Building (Source: Nasirzadeh Nojedehi, 2013) Impact Analysis of Risk: Project risks for a construction business are related and dependent on each other. The sources of the risks are performance, scope, environment, cost, local government, etc. The classification of project risk is as follows changes in the work, site access, level of details delivered, actual quantities of work, etc (Yang Shen, 2014). The risks can be categorized as per high probability and impact. Figure 2: Risk Impact and Probability (Source: Mindtools.com, 2016) Conclusion: The study concludes that use of the risk assessment techniques for a building construction prevents even the least possible risks. Though the process is very efficient, it is not capable of eliminating all the risks. The Cause and Effect Diagram becomes helpful when a group wants to find the cause of some problems. Risk impact and probability categorizes the risks and helps to determine to initiate the risk elimination process. References: Gymrek, M., McGuire, A. L., Golan, D., Halperin, E., Erlich, Y. (2013). Identifying personal genomes by surname inference.Science,339(6117), 321-324. Kunreuther, H., Heal, G., Allen, M., Edenhofer, O., Field, C. B., Yohe, G. (2013). Risk management and climate change.Nature Climate Change,3(5), 447-450. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Van Loon, M. H., de Bruin, A. B., van Gog, T., van Merrinboer, J. J., Dunlosky, J. (2014). Can students evaluate their understanding of cause-and-effect relations? The effects of diagram completion on monitoring accuracy.Acta psychologica,151, 143-154. Yang, R. J., Shen, G. Q. (2014). Framework for stakeholder management in construction projects.Journal of Management in Engineering,31(4), 04014064. Mindtools.com,. (2016).Risk Impact/Probability Chart: Learning to Prioritize Risks. Retrieved 21 February 2016, from https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_78.html

Playing Her Guitar Suite free essay sample

Last September, four young musicians began a journey, calling themselves Rip N Time, cleverly named after lead singer Riley Ripintyme. This band of high schoolers from LA combined their talents to create the album â€Å"Playing Her Guitar Suite. †Whats interesting about this album is that it is primarily guitar music. â€Å"Playing Her Guitar Suite† is a three-song EP that takes the listener on a jingle-jangle journey back to the classic guitar sounds of 50s rock, 80s metal, and the Blues era.The first track, â€Å"Playing Her Guitar,† is a sensitive vocal. Shimmery guitar and pretty choral voices combine to create a passionate sound. Then the guitars break into chunky rhythmic riffing that gives it a chill vibe before adding in some pretty sounds. The result is a unique interweaving of different types of guitar playing.â€Å"Twisting Road,† an eight-minute instrumental track, overlaps beautiful chords with metallic guitars and a cool background bass. We will write a custom essay sample on Playing Her Guitar Suite or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This track is full of intricate guitar solos that display lots of talent. It morphs seamlessly between rough metallic riffing and easy rock sounds, similar to what one would hear at a classic rock concert.Rip N Times final track, â€Å"Suite Dream,† is another guitar-filled instrumental. It begins with dream-like cascading harmonies accompanied by the soft plucking of the bass. As it progresses, several guitars cry out in a symphonic mix, weaving their voices together. Soft vocals at the end leave listeners feeling like theyve been in a sweet dream.In addition to the band members, other students work behind the scenes to create visual representations of the music. Inside the CD is a 24-page graphic novella that tells the inspiring story of seven guitar legends who shaped the bands music-making goals. Rip N Time uses the power of tuning, sensitivity, practice, perseverance, attitude, tone, and heart to achieve their ultimate goal: to defeat the Tarborgs, a rival band, at the Battle of the Bands at a local cafe. This novella is beautifully written, and the illustrations are as unique as their songs.

Gastro oesophageal reflux Essay Example

Gastro oesophageal reflux Essay Example Gastro oesophageal reflux Essay Gastro oesophageal reflux Essay Unit of measurement 3. AN Introduction TO ACTION AND USES OF MEDICINES. P2 ( a ) List the common upsets of the gastro-intestinal piece of land. GORD ( gastro oesophageal reflux ) : GORD occurs when tummy acid leaks backup into the gorge. Peptic ulcer: tummy ulcer and duodenal ulcer is known as peptic ulcers. Inflammatory intestine disease: A chronic upset of GI piece of land, ( Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn s disease, ) Cranky intestine syndrome: IBS is a common functional upset of the intestine means there is a job with the map of a portion of the organic structure but there is no abnormalcy in the construction. ( e.g. hurting uncomfortableness, bloating, diarrhea, irregularity ) Hemorrhoids P2 ( B ) name the common interventions used in the upsets you have named in P2a and include and OTC readyings available. 1. GORD: there are three chief types of medical specialties for GORD. Antacidse.g. Aluminium hydrated oxide ( Alu-Cap, Maalox, Mucogel ) , magnesium carbonate ( aromatic Mg carbonate unwritten suspension ) , magnesium trisilicate tablets and suspension, Hydrotalcite suspension, Altacite Plus, Maalox Plus, Alginates:Gaviscon Advance A ; baby, Rennie Duo, Topal, peptic, Acidex, H2-blockers:Cimetidine, cimetidine, Famotidine, Ranitidine, Nizatidine, Proton pump inhibitors:esomeprazole ( Nexium ) , Lansoprazole ( Zoton ) , Omeprazole ( Losec, omepazole ) , pantoprazole ( Protium : 2. Peptic Ulcer: Peptic ulcer is besides treated with alkalizers and H2-antagonists. Patient who takes NSAIDs should take with Prostaglandin parallel ( e.g. Misoprostol ( cytotec ) 3. Inflammatory bowel disease: a. Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease: intervention of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease depends on the badness of the disease. drugs are used in ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease are: Aminosalicylates ( balsalzide Na ( Colazide ) , Mesalazine ( AsacolMR, Ipocol, MesrenMR, Pentasa ) , Olsalazine Sodium ( Dipentium ) , Sulfasalazine ( Salazopyurin ) Corticosteroids: such as beclometasoneDipropionate ( ( Clipper ) , Budesonide ( Entocort ) , Hydrocorticone ( Colifoam ) , Pediapred ( predenema, predfoam, predsol ) Immunomodulators: such as Azathioprine, Purinethol, 4. Cranky Bowel Syndrome: There is no remedy for IBS, but drugs are available to handle the symptoms. E.g. Constipation drugs: Bisacodyl, Docustae Na ( docusol, Dioctyl ) , Glycerol, Senna, Na picosulfate ( Dulco-lax ) , Laxatives ( lactulose, macrogols ( Movicol ) , Phosphate clyster, Microlette Micro-enema. Bowel cleansing solution etc. Diarrhea: To halt diarrhea drugs are available such as: e.g. Loperamide, Imodium, Co-phenotrope ( Lomotil ) , Codeine Phosphate, Antispasmodic: helps to command colon musculus cramps and cut down abdominal hurting Antidepressants may alleviate some symptoms. 5. Hemorrhoids: intervention of hemorrhoids is ab initio alleviating symptoms. ( E.g tub baths, picks, suppository ) and forestalling the return of hemorrhoids require cut down the force per unit area and straining of irregularity. ( e.g Increasing fiber and fluids in diet, exercising, laxacitive, etc. Oeintment, picks, suppositories Local anaesthetics: e.g Xylocaine Vasoconstrictors: e.g Ephedrine sulfate, adrenaline, phenylephrine Protectants: Glycerin, hemimorphite, Zn oxide, aluminum hydrated oxide gel. Astrigents: hemimorphite, Zn oxide. Antiseptics: boracic acid Analgesics Corticosteroids: cortisol Surgery: Haemorrhoidectomy, Rubber set ligation, injection. P2 ( degree Celsius ) List the common side effects with each of the interventions named in P2 ( B ) Side effects of alkalizers drugs: Diarrhoea, silica-based nephritic rocks on long term intervention, aluminum incorporating alkalizers may be cloging. H2-blocker drugs side effects: Diarrhoea, concern, giddiness, roseola, fatigue, alopecia, seldom tachycardia, anorexia, cholestatic icterus, interstitial pneumonia, anxety, insomnia, dry oral cavity, gustatory sensation perturbation, sudating, alopecia, vasculitis. Proton Pump Inhibitors drugs side effects: Nausea, purging, abdominal hurting, flatulency, diarrhea, irregularity, concern, dry oral cavity, peripheral odema, giddiness, sleep perturbation, weariness, par-aesthesia, arthralgia, myodynia, roseola, pruritus, other side effects are really seldom stomatitis, hepatitis, icterus, hypertensitivity, febrility, depression, hallucinations, confusion, gynaecomastia, Brights disease, blood upsets, ocular perturbation, sudating, alopecia, etc. Aminosalicylates side effects: Diarrhoea, sickness, purging, abdominal hurting, headhache, roseolas, loss of appetency, blood upsets, ataxy, sterile meningitis, dizziness, depression, oligospermia. Corticosteroids side effects: high blood pressure, Na and H2O keeping, K and Ca loss, and glucocorticsteroid side effects are diabetes osteoporosis, high dosage of corticoid can do Cushing s syndrome with Moon face, acne, striae, and others and gastro-intestinal side effects are dyspepsia, abdominal distention, acute pancreatitis, oesophageal ulceration, candidasis, musculus failing, vertebral and long bone break, endocrinal effects catamenial abnormalities, amenorrhea, hirsuteness, weight addition, Neuropsychiatric effects: insomnia, schizophrenic disorder, ophthalmic effects ; glaucoma, increased intra optic force per unit area, besides skin wasting, urtication, myocardial rupture, hyperglycaemia, hiccoughs, unease, concern, vertigo etc. Stimulant laxatives: urine coloring material alteration, colic, local annoyance from suppositories. Anti-Motility drugs side effects: abdominal spasms, giddiness, sleepiness, and tegument roseolas, urtications, abdominal bloating, and paralytic intestinal obstruction. P2 ( vitamin D ) for each of the intervention, discourse the information you would give to patients assist them utilize the intervention efficaciously. Try and avoid big repast, particularly in the eventide. Try eating repasts and distribute these repasts through the twenty-four hours. Avoid fatty nutrients in the eventide. Avoid inordinate intoxicant, tea, java, spicy nutrient Stress direction or relaxation therapy Regular exercising Avoid sitting hunched Avoid tight belts Raising the caput of the bed may cut down the symptoms attempt to avoid smoke if self-treatment are non working see your physician for advice.

History and Facts About Alcatraz Prison

History and Facts About Alcatraz Prison Once considered the prison of American prisons, the island of Alcatraz in San Francisco Bay has been an asset to the U.S. Army, the federal prison system, jailhouse folklore, and the historical evolution of the West Coast. Despite its reputation as a cold and unforgiving penitentiary, Alcatraz is now one of the most prominent tourist magnets in San Francisco. In 1775, Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala chartered what is now San Francisco Bay. He called the 22-acre rocky island La Isla de los Alcatraces, meaning Island of the Pelicans. With no vegetation or habitation, Alcatraz was little more than a desolate islet occupied by the occasional swarm of birds. Under the English-speaking influence, the name Alcatraces became Alcatraz. Fort Alcatraz Alcatraz was reserved for military use under President Millard Fillmore in 1850. Meanwhile, the discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada Mountains brought growth and prosperity to San Francisco. The lure of the Gold Rush demanded the protection of California as gold seekers flooded the San Francisco Bay. In response, the U.S. Army built a fortress on the rocky face of Alcatraz. They made plans to install more than 100 cannons, making Alcatraz the most heavily armed entity on the West Coast. The first functional lighthouse on the West Coast was built on Alcatraz Island as well. Once fully equipped with weaponry in 1859, the island was deemed Fort Alcatraz. Having never fired its own weapons in combat, Fort Alcatraz quickly evolved from an island of defense to an island of detention. In the early 1860s, civilians arrested for treason during the Civil War were housed on the island. With the influx of prisoners, additional living quarters were built to house 500 men. Alcatraz as a jail would continue for 100 years. Throughout history, the average population of the island hovered between 200 and 300 people, never at maximum capacity. The Rock After the devastating San Francisco earthquake of 1906, inmates from nearby prisons were transferred to the infallible Alcatraz. Over the next five years, prisoners built a new jail, designated Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison, Alcatraz Island. Popularly known as The Rock, Alcatraz served as an army disciplinary barracks until 1933. Prisoners were educated and received military and vocational training here. Alcatraz of the early 20th century was a minimum-security prison. Prisoners spent their days working and learning. Some were even employed as babysitters for the families of prison officers. They eventually built a baseball field and inmates fashioned their own baseball uniforms. Boxing matches among inmates known as â€Å"Alcatraz Fights† were hosted on Friday nights. Prison life played a role in the changing landscape of the island. The military transported soil to Alcatraz from nearby Angel Island, and many prisoners were trained as gardeners. They planted roses, bluegrass, poppies, and lilies. Under the order of the U.S. Army, Alcatraz was a fairly mild institution and its accommodations were favorable. The geographic location of Alcatraz was the undoing of U.S. Army occupation. Importing food and supplies to the island was much too expensive. The Great Depression of the 1930s forced the army off the island, and the prisoners were transferred to institutes in Kansas and New Jersey. Uncle Sam’s Devil’s Island Alcatraz was obtained by the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 1934. The former military detention center became America’s first maximum-security civilian penitentiary. This â€Å"prison system’s prison† was specifically designed to house the most horrendous prisoners, the troublemakers that other federal prisons could not successfully detain. Its isolated location made it ideal for the exile of hardened criminals, and a strict daily routine taught inmates to follow prison rule and regulation. The Great Depression witnessed some of the most heinous criminal activity in modern American history, and Alcatraz’s severity was well suited to its time. Alcatraz was home to notorious criminals including Al â€Å"Scarface† Capone, who was convicted of tax evasion and spent five years on the island. Alvin â€Å"Creepy† Karpis, the FBI’s first â€Å"Public Enemy,† was a 28-year resident of Alcatraz. The most famous prisoner was Alaskan murderer Robert â€Å"Birdman† Stroud, who spent 17 years on Alcatraz. Over its 29 years of operation, the federal prison housed more than 1,500 convicts. Daily life in the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary was harsh. Prisoners were given four rights. They included medical attention, shelter, food, and clothing. Recreational activities and family visits had to be earned through hard work. Punishments for bad behavior included hard labor, wearing a 12-pound ball and chain, and lock-downs where prisoners were kept in solitary confinement, restricted to bread and water. There was a total of 14 escape attempts by over 30 prisoners. Most were caught, several were shot, and a few were swallowed by the chilling swells of the San Francisco Bay. Why Did Alcatraz Close? The prison on Alcatraz Island was expensive to operate, as all supplies had to be brought in by boat. The island had no source of fresh water, and almost one million gallons were shipped in each week. Building a high-security prison elsewhere was more affordable for the Federal Government, and as of 1963 â€Å"Uncle Sam’s Devil’s Island† was no more. Today, the equivalent of the infamous federal prison on Alcatraz Island is a maximum-security institution in Florence, Colorado. It is nicknamed â€Å"Alcatraz of the Rockies†. Tourism Alcatraz Island became a national park in 1972 and is considered part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Open to the public in 1973, Alcatraz sees more than one million visitors from across the globe each year. Alcatraz is best known as a maximum-security prison. Media attention and fantastic stories have exaggerated this image. The San Francisco Bay islet has been much more than this. Alcatraz as a mass of rock named for its birds, an American fort during the Gold Rush, an army barracks, and tourist attraction may be less enticing but allude to a more dynamic existence. It is one to be embraced by San Francisco and California as a whole.